![]() ![]() This is considered the standard for diagnosis of cardiac limitation to exercise but is currently available at relatively few centers. The test can be done at the same time as cardiopulmonary exercise testing, called invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Hemodynamic assessment via right heart catheterization during exercise is increasingly being done as part of the workup for dyspnea of uncertain etiology. when noninvasive testing is nondiagnostic, and it is an essential part of the assessment for cardiac transplantation or mechanical cardiac support (eg, use of a ventricular assist device). Patients typically have hypotension, muffled heart tones, and distended. ![]() read more, and cardiac tamponade Cardiac Tamponade Cardiac tamponade is accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac of sufficient volume and pressure to impair cardiac filling. ![]() Pericarditis may be caused by many disorders (eg, infection, myocardial infarction, trauma. read more, constrictive pericarditis Constrictive pericarditis Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation in the pericardial space. It is distinct from structural cardiac disorders such as coronary artery disease, valvular disorders, and congenital heart disorders. Right heart pressure measurements may help in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy Overview of Cardiomyopathies A cardiomyopathy is a primary disorder of the heart muscle. ![]()
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